{"id":4441,"date":"2026-07-23T12:36:25","date_gmt":"2026-07-23T12:36:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/?p=4441"},"modified":"2026-07-23T14:11:22","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T14:11:22","slug":"the-philosophical-black-hole","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/the-philosophical-black-hole\/","title":{"rendered":"THE PHILOSOPHICAL BLACK HOLE"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4441\" class=\"elementor elementor-4441\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3d48fa33 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3d48fa33\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-sticky-column-sticky elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-566e8fe7\" data-jet-sticky-column-settings=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;566e8fe7&quot;,&quot;sticky&quot;:true,&quot;topSpacing&quot;:50,&quot;bottomSpacing&quot;:50,&quot;stickyOn&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}\" data-id=\"566e8fe7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7248bb66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7248bb66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b33f46 elementor-posts--align-left elementor-grid-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-none elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"2b33f46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;classic_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:2,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;pagination_type&quot;:&quot;load_more_infinite_scroll&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;load_more_spinner&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-spinner&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.classic\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-classic elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-74 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/beat-bit\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tINTRODUCTION\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-load-more-spinner\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-spinner\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b71b635 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b71b635\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7674cb1b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7674cb1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">THEORY<\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a6bb349 elementor-posts--align-left elementor-grid-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-none elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"7a6bb349\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;classic_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:2,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;pagination_type&quot;:&quot;load_more_infinite_scroll&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;load_more_spinner&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-spinner&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.classic\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-classic elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-3465 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-theory\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/about-the-missteps-of-artificial-intelligence\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tABOUT THE MISSTEPS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-1503 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-theory\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/acting-in-animated-films\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tACTING IN ANIMATED FILMS\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-1971 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-theory\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/animation-plastic-arts\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tANIMATION &amp; PLASTIC ARTS\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-72 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-theory\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/animation-film-animation-film\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tANIMATION, FILM &amp; ANIMATION FILM\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-2689 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-theory\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/the-definition-of-animation-a-letter-from-norman-mclaren\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tTHE DEFINITION OF ANIMATION, A LETTER FROM NORMAN MCLAREN\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-4441 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-theory\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/the-philosophical-black-hole\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tTHE PHILOSOPHICAL BLACK HOLE\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-load-more-spinner\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-spinner\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-665077b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"665077b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6af5cfe6 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6af5cfe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">MASTERCLASS<\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21ae7e6d elementor-posts--align-left elementor-grid-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-none elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"21ae7e6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;classic_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:2,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;pagination_type&quot;:&quot;load_more_infinite_scroll&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;load_more_spinner&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-spinner&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.classic\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-classic elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-3374 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/teaching-animation-chiara-magri\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tTEACHING ANIMATION: CHIARA MAGRI\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-3745 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/teaching-animation-otto-alder-2\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tTEACHING ANIMATION: OTTO ALDER\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-3011 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-andrea-martignoni\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: ANDREA MARTIGNONI\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-3219 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-boris-labbe\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: BORIS LABB\u00c9\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-1249 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-lanimation-eduardo-raon\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: EDUARDO RAON\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-876 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-ethann-neon\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: \u00c9THANN N\u00c9ON\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-4116 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-georges-schwizgebel\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: GEORGES SCHWIZGEBEL\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-239 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/ecrire-lanimation-georges-sifianos\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: GEORGES SIFIANOS\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-841 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-guy-pirotte\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: GUY PIROTTE\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-534 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-isabel-aboim-inglez\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: ISABEL ABOIM INGLEZ\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-183 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-noemie-marsily\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: NO\u00c9MIE MARSILY\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-3494 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-olga-priit-parn-part-i\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: OLGA &amp; PRIIT PARN PART I\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-4181 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-olga-priit-parn-part-ii\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: OLGA &amp; PRIIT PARN PART II\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-3340 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-pierre-hebert\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: PIERRE H\u00c9BERT\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-282 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/ecrire-lanimation-regina-guimaraes\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: REGINA GUIMAR\u00c3ES\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-859 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-richard-negre\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: RICHARD NEGRE\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-179 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-masterclass-en\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/writing-animation-rita-cruchinho\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWRITING ANIMATION: RITA CRUCHINHO\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-load-more-spinner\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-spinner\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5777ff72\" data-id=\"5777ff72\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8559ede elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8559ede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">THE PHILOSOPHICAL BLACK HOLE<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac9c24f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac9c24f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A conference on generative AI to be held on 16 May 2026 at the Nova cinema in Brussels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abe8453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"abe8453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"Lecteur vid\u00e9o vimeo\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/1201754014?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=0&amp;portrait=0&amp;byline=0#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6970c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6970c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>William Henne :\u00a0<\/b>Good evening, everyone. Thank you for coming, and thank you to the Nova for welcoming us. Before introducing Nicolas, I\u2019d like to point out that this discussion session has been organised by Yann Bonin, a director in the world of animation, in partnership with the Nova cinema, which also organised the first part of the event with Olivier Smolders.<\/p><p>Nicolas Dufresne, known as Duduf, has been living in Savoie for some time now. He\u2019s a very versatile chap, as he\u2019s both a teacher and a film director. He\u2019s set up a co-operative called Rainbox Production, dedicated to animation production, as well as an association, RX Laboratori, where he develops open-source programmes. He creates all sorts of things and also writes books. He\u2019ll no doubt be bringing us a novel one day or another.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f7eb2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7f7eb2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"429\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/01-WH-768x429.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4338\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/01-WH-768x429.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/01-WH-512x286.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/01-WH-1024x572.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/01-WH-1536x858.png 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/01-WH.png 2046w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca338ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca338ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Above all \u2013 and this is the link to tonight\u2019s event \u2013 he hosts a brilliant podcast called <em>Une fourmi dans la coquille<\/em>. The first series, available online, was devoted to artificial intelligence. The second series focuses on colour, attempting to explore all the aspects it can raise. Tonight, he\u2019ll be talking to us more specifically about artificial intelligence, from the perspective of the philosophical black hole.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7121b06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7121b06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/02-DUDUF-768x428.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4339\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/02-DUDUF-768x428.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/02-DUDUF-512x286.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/02-DUDUF-1024x571.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/02-DUDUF-1536x857.png 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/02-DUDUF.png 2037w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1e5737 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1e5737\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Nicolas Dufresne : <\/b>Good evening. To start with, I\u2019ve taken the opportunity to put on my Savoyard costume. I wanted to talk about hiking, but I think I\u2019ve come to the wrong event. Never mind, I\u2019m going to talk about it anyway, because you\u2019ll see that the link with artificial intelligence isn\u2019t all that unexpected. Since there\u2019s a computer in the picture, we\u2019ll also be talking about computing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cda252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"4cda252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;masonry&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;content_hover_animation&quot;:&quot;fade-in&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/03-PC.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"4cda252\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"03 PC\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDM0MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2JlYXRiaXQub3JnXC9yZXNlYXJjaFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNlwvMDdcLzAzLVBDLnBuZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjRjZGEyNTIifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/03-PC-419x512.png\" data-width=\"419\" data-height=\"512\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/04-RANDO.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"4cda252\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"04 RANDO\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDM0NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2JlYXRiaXQub3JnXC9yZXNlYXJjaFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNlwvMDdcLzA0LVJBTkRPLnBuZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjRjZGEyNTIifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/04-RANDO-366x512.png\" data-width=\"366\" data-height=\"512\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c55e412 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c55e412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There\u2019s even a photo of me on the screen, taken at home when it\u2019s cold. It\u2019s theatre, so I don\u2019t know if what I\u2019m about to tell you is true; it\u2019s up to you to make up your own mind. Whether we\u2019re at the cinema or the theatre, the truth isn\u2019t necessarily our priority.<\/p><p>Hiking is a cornerstone of my life. It\u2019s a time for introspection, a necessary break from the world, from schedules and time constraints. After a week alone in nature, you end up living at your own pace; that\u2019s how I experience it, anyway. It\u2019s an essential chance to step back from our city life. I come from the city, and I used to suffer a great deal because of it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab66048 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ab66048\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/05-informatik.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4345\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/05-informatik.png 858w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/05-informatik-512x362.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/05-informatik-768x542.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc78085 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc78085\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As William said, I wear many hats. Coding is one of them. My interest in computing dates back to the 1990s, when I was 12 or 13, and we got our first family computer. My older brother was passionate about computing and I was drawn right into it. From my teenage years onwards, I played around with languages like Basic, developed by Microsoft to help everyone learn to code. I created simple programmes where the computer would ask questions: \u2018What\u2019s your name?\u2019, \u2018My name is Nicolas\u2019. The computer would reply, and I thought that was brilliant.<\/p><p>I soon realised there were two ways to design a conversational bot like that. Either I could analyse the syntax, grammar and vocabulary so that the programme would actually \u2018understand\u2019 the sentences \u2014 a linguistic approach that seemed too complex to me at the time \u2014 or I could anticipate everything the user might say and pre-record the responses. I decided I\u2019d sit my mum down at the computer, tell her to try out my programme, and watch her. And every time she said something I hadn\u2019t anticipated, I\u2019d make a note of it and try to predict everything else she might say. I\u2019d programme in everything\u2014absolutely everything\u2014that people might say to my programme, which would eventually have to find correlations and commonalities, but I\u2019d pre-record it all. That way, it\u2019ll be able to respond to anything we say to it. I fancied giving that a go. But then again, I realised it was going to be a right pain to do and not a very interesting job. I realised that the first method was too difficult for me, and the second was tedious and uninteresting. A few decades later, I realised that these were exactly the two approaches the early AI developers were faced with: an AI based on logical rules, or a statistical AI based on a huge amount of pre-recorded data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc542fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cc542fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"457\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/06-ANIM-1024x585.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4349\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/06-ANIM-1024x585.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/06-ANIM-512x292.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/06-ANIM-768x438.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/06-ANIM-1536x877.png 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/06-ANIM.png 1720w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad71e57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad71e57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I went on to study at an engineering school, but I grew tired of it. I was more drawn to my mother\u2019s work \u2013 she\u2019d studied Fine Art and was an illustrator \u2013 so I decided to get into animated film. I set up a production company and directed films. I\u2019ve chosen four examples of very artisanal films, with a warm, hand-drawn style, a far cry from cold digital animation. These are the sort of films I love to produce. I see myself more as a craftsman of animated film.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-326b29f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"326b29f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"355\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/07-DUIK.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4353\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/07-DUIK.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/07-DUIK-512x228.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/07-DUIK-768x341.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bddf59d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bddf59d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Interface of Duik Angela<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0da667 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0da667\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Furthermore, my IT skills have enabled me to develop open-source tools for character animation. It\u2019s a community I\u2019ve been part of since the early days of computing: we share code, and it\u2019s free. It\u2019s been quite successful. These days, I juggle these two careers: film and coding. AI is, in a way, the convergence of the two. It\u2019s not a sudden revolution \u2013 we\u2019ve seen it coming for a long time \u2013 but the level it has reached and the way it has been marketed to us have sparked new topics of conversation.<\/p><p>I became fascinated by the subject, so I started reading and summarising articles for myself, to understand it. After two years, I had pages of notes on cross-cutting topics: the environment, politics, society, creativity, consciousness and the brain. I decided to do something with them. I wrote a book and, as publishing a book is a complex process, I also launched a podcast, <em>Une fourmi dans la coquille<\/em>. I spent two years thinking about AI before taking the plunge. I was worried that my ideas might become outdated, as everything moves so quickly, but there\u2019s such a disconnect between the prevailing discourse and the reality of technological development that my work has remained entirely relevant. So, time is passing, and that\u2019s what we\u2019re going to talk about now. We\u2019ve got an hour ahead of us.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-713a92e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"713a92e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/08-FOURMI.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4357\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/08-FOURMI.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/08-FOURMI-65x65.png 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c56a495 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c56a495\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/lafourmi.media\">lafourmi.media<\/a><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62fcef0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62fcef0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since we\u2019re on the subject of time, I\u2019m going to give a brief introduction that I find very interesting, to put things into perspective. Don\u2019t worry, we\u2019ll get round to politics later. I sensed that some of you in the room were keen to dive straight in, and we\u2019ll get there. But we can\u2019t tackle environmental, social, creative or political issues without laying the groundwork first. And I want to go back over all this, because it\u2019s not something that\u2019s just sprung up overnight.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b44e349 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b44e349\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"635\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/09-ARCHITA-1024x813.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4358\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/09-ARCHITA-1024x813.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/09-ARCHITA-512x407.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/09-ARCHITA-768x610.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/09-ARCHITA.png 1452w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82d8006 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82d8006\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This young man you see here is a Greek philosopher called Archytas, a close friend of Plato in the 4th century BC. Archytas said: \u2018It certainly seems that the art of calculation, when applied to philosophy, is far superior to the other arts, owing to its ability to deal with any problem with greater certainty than even geometry can.\u2019 As a Pythagorean, he revered mathematics and believed that calculation enabled one to attain certainties in philosophy. At that time, the word \u2018science\u2019 did not exist; people spoke of philosophy. I find it fascinating that, as early as the 4th century BC, some people were already considering the use of mathematical calculation to construct arguments. The idea is by no means a modern one.<\/p><p>The image opposite depicts \u2018Archytas the fly\u2019. I discovered this entirely by chance three days ago whilst preparing for this lecture. Thanks to Wikipedia, I learnt of the existence of this fly. I should point out that I prepare my lectures without AI, as I was keen to verify the quote from Archytas myself. By carrying out this manual research, I came across a new piece of information \u2014 this fly \u2014 which I would never have found via AI, as it would simply have given me the quote I asked for.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae53c4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ae53c4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/10-Golem_a_Rabi_Low_\u2013_Mikolas_Ales_1899_Venec_prazskych_povesti_1908-710x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4359\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/10-Golem_a_Rabi_Low_\u2013_Mikolas_Ales_1899_Venec_prazskych_povesti_1908-710x1024.jpg 710w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/10-Golem_a_Rabi_Low_\u2013_Mikolas_Ales_1899_Venec_prazskych_povesti_1908-355x512.jpg 355w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/10-Golem_a_Rabi_Low_\u2013_Mikolas_Ales_1899_Venec_prazskych_povesti_1908-768x1108.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/10-Golem_a_Rabi_Low_\u2013_Mikolas_Ales_1899_Venec_prazskych_povesti_1908-1065x1536.jpg 1065w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/10-Golem_a_Rabi_Low_\u2013_Mikolas_Ales_1899_Venec_prazskych_povesti_1908.jpg 1375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5359bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5359bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Representation of the Maharal of Prague and the Golem. Illustration by Mikol\u00e1\u0161 Ale\u0161 for a short story by Josef Sv\u00e1tek published in the magazine Kv\u011bty (1899), National Gallery, Prague.<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1b9df8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1b9df8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>All this to say that the idea of an artificial being is not new; it is deeply rooted in our folklore and mythology. Think of the Golem from the early Middle Ages. What is fascinating is that the word \u2018Emet\u2019 is inscribed on its forehead, which means \u2018truth\u2019 in Hebrew. If you remove the first letter, the aleph, you are left with \u2018Met\u2019, which means \u2018death\u2019. There is, therefore, a reflection on truth and the calculation of truth. This was taken up by Raymond Lulle in 1305. He envisaged a machine with dials and levers capable of proving any philosophical truth. It is interesting to note that, from the outset, in this logical calculation, the result is often predetermined.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d83d23b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d83d23b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"411\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/11-Raymond-Lulle.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4360\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67b53a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67b53a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Raymond Lulle (circa 1232-1315)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0984ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0984ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In 1666, we saw the true birth of artificial intelligence with Leibniz, my idol. He theorised what he called the <em>calculus ratiocinator<\/em>; in fact, he envisaged the computer as we know it today. He took his thinking so far as to create a symbolic language \u2014 a sort of programming language \u2014 which he called the \u2018universal characteristic\u2019. This idea inspired languages that we still use in AI today, such as Prolog in the 1970s. So OpenAI isn\u2019t really a revolution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9684de elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f9684de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"987\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/12-Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-768x987.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4361\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/12-Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-768x987.webp 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/12-Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-398x512.webp 398w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/12-Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-797x1024.webp 797w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/12-Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-1195x1536.webp 1195w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/12-Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz.webp 1245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6638b65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6638b65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0af9acc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0af9acc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The first AI programme dates back to 1956; the Logic Theorist helped mathematicians prove theorems. The first conversational robot, meanwhile, appeared in 1966 with ELIZA. This programme simulated a psychotherapist. The key point was that the computer did not need to actually \u2018understand\u2019: it simply had to rephrase the user\u2019s words and detect keywords such as \u2018mum\u2019 or \u2018dad\u2019 in order to ask reflective questions. The aim was to pass the \u2018Turing test\u2019. Turing, a visionary as early as the 1940s and 1950s, proposed having a human converse with a computer and another human without knowing who was who. If the human could not tell the difference, then the computer would demonstrate true intelligence. ELIZA passed this test in short conversations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e20f5e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e20f5e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/13b-ELIZA-768x506.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4371\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/13b-ELIZA-768x506.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/13b-ELIZA-512x337.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/13b-ELIZA-1024x675.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/13b-ELIZA.png 1323w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ec21d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ec21d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>What\u2019s interesting is that time \u2014 always time \u2014 has changed the methods. Back then, computers had very little memory, so you had to be clever and use what\u2019s known as symbolic AI: a form of intelligence that understood rules and made predictions based on them.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-397e2d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"397e2d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"745\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/13-Turing.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4362\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/13-Turing.jpg 733w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/13-Turing-504x512.jpg 504w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/13-Turing-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5e3a2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5e3a2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>\nAlan Turing (1912-1954)<\/span><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-444dc8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"444dc8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For those involved in animated film, this ties in with what are known as simulations. In film, when you want an explosion, you simulate it. You use a physics engine into which you incorporate Newton\u2019s laws. It\u2019s as simple as that. You tell it how gravity, air resistance and smoke behave using very complex equations. We don\u2019t write these equations ourselves; the developers do. Once the initial conditions have been defined, we press a button and the computer applies these rules to predict what will happen. If I fire a cannonball at a wall, the computer is able to predict how the wall will shatter. These early forms of AI therefore applied rules; they contained genuine human knowledge. As a programmer and director, I think that\u2019s brilliant, because the computer uses the laws of physics discovered by humans to produce something new.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1537ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1537ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/14-nuke-explosion-3d-model-768x432.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4363\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/14-nuke-explosion-3d-model-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/14-nuke-explosion-3d-model-512x288.webp 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/14-nuke-explosion-3d-model-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/14-nuke-explosion-3d-model-1536x864.webp 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/14-nuke-explosion-3d-model.webp 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87fe197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87fe197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The other approach is what is known as statistical artificial intelligence, which is based on neural networks. It\u2019s a bit of a marketing term, as there are no neurons, nor any biology, in computers. Historically, in the 1930s, it was thought that neurons functioned like what we now call logic gates in computing. It was imagined that a neuron was an element receiving various input signals and responding with a \u2018yes\u2019 or a \u2018no\u2019. In reality, it is far more complex than that, but this belief laid the foundations. As Turing\u2019s computers operate in the same way, using 0s and 1s, researchers very quickly thought they could recreate the brain\u2019s functioning using digital components. Statistical artificial intelligence involves taking this logic to its logical conclusion by writing a programme that simulates this neural communication.<\/p><p>There was a genuine scientific ambition behind this early research: to understand how the brain works. Yet it didn\u2019t really work. Why? Because the human brain has 86 billion neurons, which we were unable to simulate at the time. We could get about fifteen of them to function, but no more. The artificial neuron of the time was called the \u2018perceptron\u2019. This method fell somewhat out of favour before coming back into vogue in the 1990s, when the combination of the two approaches<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16b9dfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"16b9dfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/15-world-chess-champion-garry-kasparov-left-playing-against-ibm-s-supercomputer-deep-blue-in-1996-during-the-acm-chess-challenge-1024x768.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4364\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/15-world-chess-champion-garry-kasparov-left-playing-against-ibm-s-supercomputer-deep-blue-in-1996-during-the-acm-chess-challenge-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/15-world-chess-champion-garry-kasparov-left-playing-against-ibm-s-supercomputer-deep-blue-in-1996-during-the-acm-chess-challenge-512x384.webp 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/15-world-chess-champion-garry-kasparov-left-playing-against-ibm-s-supercomputer-deep-blue-in-1996-during-the-acm-chess-challenge-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/15-world-chess-champion-garry-kasparov-left-playing-against-ibm-s-supercomputer-deep-blue-in-1996-during-the-acm-chess-challenge-1536x1152.webp 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/15-world-chess-champion-garry-kasparov-left-playing-against-ibm-s-supercomputer-deep-blue-in-1996-during-the-acm-chess-challenge.webp 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ea0929 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ea0929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It wasn\u2019t until the 2010s that two conditions were met: high-speed internet to collect massive amounts of data, and the computing power needed to process it. It was students, who were keen fans of video games such as <em>Counter-Strike<\/em>, who came up with the idea of using graphics processing units (GPUs). They realised that neural networks worked in the same way as graphics cards calculate pixels on screen. They tried it out with a project called <em>AlexNet<\/em>, and it worked very well.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1151c10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1151c10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"263\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/16-alexnet-architecture-1024x337.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4365\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/16-alexnet-architecture-1024x337.webp 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/16-alexnet-architecture-512x169.webp 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/16-alexnet-architecture-768x253.webp 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/16-alexnet-architecture-1536x506.webp 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/16-alexnet-architecture.webp 1924w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a6cf2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a6cf2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>AlexNet est un mod\u00e8le de classification d&rsquo;images qui a transform\u00e9 l&rsquo;apprentissage profond. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduit par Geoffrey Hinton et son \u00e9quipe en 2012 et a marqu\u00e9 un \u00e9v\u00e9nement cl\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;apprentissage profond, mettant en valeur les atouts des architectures CNN et ses vastes applications.<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d0c43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8d0c43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It took ten years of development, particularly at Google, to work on the two pillars of AI: image analysis \u2013 often funded by the US military for espionage purposes \u2013 and language analysis. Following this breakthrough in the 2010s, we have now reached the launch of ChatGPT by OpenAI. What is fascinating \u2013 and I\u2019ll leave it at that regarding the history of AI \u2013 is that virtually all the techniques and innovations used today had already been scientifically theorised as far back as the 1960s.<\/p><p>The only thing that was new was the scale \u2013 that is, the ability of certain companies to build ever-larger systems. It worked very well, and we have forgotten about so-called \u2018symbolic\u2019 artificial intelligence \u2013 the kind I was talking about, which understands rules and is intellectually stimulating \u2013 in favour of this approach, which I find fundamentally lacking. Hoarding a huge amount of data is a crude method; it works, of course, but it teaches us nothing. As a programmer, I find that a shame. There\u2019s a trend to claim that everything must be open source because it\u2019s \u2018brilliant\u2019. But why should it be? AI code teaches me nothing: it\u2019s been around since the 1960s and is based solely on optimisation. It\u2019s interesting to see how engineers have optimised these systems, even if that goes beyond my area of expertise, but the way in which an AI generates language remains a black box. It\u2019s purely statistical; there are no linguistic rules governing how ChatGPT works. This AI can\u2019t teach us anything about language, even though it\u2019s very adept at manipulating it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8a964 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cc8a964\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"764\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/17-ChatGPT.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4366\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/17-ChatGPT.png 764w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/17-ChatGPT-512x269.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b9975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8b9975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It is precisely because this system operates on a different scale that it raises all the current issues. Everything digital has an environmental impact, something we tend to forget because we believe it all happens in the \u2018cloud\u2019. But digital technology isn\u2019t in the clouds; it\u2019s in the mines. It\u2019s metal, plastic and oil \u2013 it\u2019s extremely tangible. It\u2019s electricity in wires and photons in optical fibres that need to be produced. Artificial intelligence replicates these very same problems, but on an absurdly larger scale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d67243 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6d67243\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"351\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/17b-illu-768x351.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4372\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/17b-illu-768x351.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/17b-illu-512x234.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/17b-illu-1024x468.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/17b-illu-1536x702.png 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/17b-illu.png 2047w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-841ae6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"841ae6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><em>A rising tide lifts all bots<\/em> (Rose Willis &amp; Kathryn Conrad &#8211; betterimagesofai.org)<br \/><em>Distorted sand mine<\/em> (Lone Thomasky &amp; Bits&amp;Ba\u00fcme &#8211; betterimagesofai.org)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aaacec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9aaacec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When we talk about catastrophic environmental impact, we need to be precise about the figures. Let\u2019s take the example of a proposed AI data centre in France, with an estimated cost of 50 billion euros. This centre is expected to consume 1.4 gigawatts of electricity \u2013 equivalent to the output of a single nuclear reactor. There are currently between 400 and 500 data centre projects in France. If we want to move away from oil by electrifying our cars, we will have to make choices: we will not be able to power ChatGPT, image generators and electric cars all at the same time.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1ca6ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b1ca6ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/18-le-projet-de-data-center-de-dugny-en-seine-saint-denis-768x432.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4367\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/18-le-projet-de-data-center-de-dugny-en-seine-saint-denis-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/18-le-projet-de-data-center-de-dugny-en-seine-saint-denis-512x288.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/18-le-projet-de-data-center-de-dugny-en-seine-saint-denis.avif 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b3e1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"46b3e1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Le data center de Digital Realty \u00e0 la Courneuve (photo : Digital realty).<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63e3692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63e3692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The problem is that the electricity grid isn\u2019t ready. As it takes years to build a nuclear reactor, the data centres being built today are often powered by natural gas turbines. Microsoft has, in fact, signed a contract to reopen the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor \u2013 the site of one of the most serious nuclear disasters in the US \u2013 because new power stations cannot be built quickly enough to meet demand. The environmental disaster is therefore not an abstraction or a mere opinion; it is an immediate, tangible reality. I\u2019m sorry to sound so gloomy; I didn\u2019t mean to get you down.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7a29f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a7a29f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"678\" height=\"532\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19-Three_Mile_Island.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4368\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19-Three_Mile_Island.jpg 678w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19-Three_Mile_Island-512x402.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-109f40c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"109f40c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Three Mile Island nuclear power station, circa 1979. The Three Mile Island accident was caused by a partial meltdown of the core of reactor No. 2 (TMI-2) at the Three Mile Island nuclear power station, situated on the Susquehanna River in Londonderry Township, Dauphin County, near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (photo: US Department of Energy).<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf5308d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf5308d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The problem with these AI companies is that they know they are unprofitable, but they do not want to disappear because they wield immense power. They are funded by capital, not by profitability. Investors buy their shares in the hope of capital gains, which drives these companies to put on a show to make themselves indispensable for as long as possible, before reality catches up with fiction. To this end, they invest in sectors where they become indispensable, such as defence. They have contracts with all the armed forces, including Mistral in Europe: their systems are integrated into fighter jets and missiles. If they were to go under, the state would be forced to bail them out, as it needs to maintain control over its own armaments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32e12f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"32e12f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"654\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20b-bubble-768x654.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4373\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20b-bubble-768x654.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20b-bubble-512x436.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20b-bubble-1024x872.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20b-bubble.png 1250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b967bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b967bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><em>Soap bubble and a cloud<\/em> (Oleg Yunakov, 2022)\u00a0<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a67c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a67c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The problem with these AI companies is that they know they are not profitable, but they do not want to disappear because they wield immense power. They are funded by capital, not by profitability. Investors buy their shares in the hope of capital gains, which drives these companies to put on a show to make themselves indispensable for as long as possible, before reality catches up with fiction. To this end, they invest in sectors where they become indispensable, such as defence. They have contracts with all the armed forces, including those in Europe: their systems are integrated into fighter jets and missiles. If they were to go under, the state would be forced to bail them out, as it needs to maintain control over its own armaments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c37bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"46c37bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"434\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20-elucid-1024x555.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4369\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20-elucid-1024x555.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20-elucid-512x278.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20-elucid-768x417.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20-elucid-1536x833.png 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20-elucid.png 1801w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6628fac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6628fac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>The enchanted merry-go-round of artificial intelligence: Lordon describes the mechanics with clinical precision. OpenAI has secured a $122 billion funding round, $50 billion of which was committed by Amazon. In return, OpenAI has committed to $100 billion worth of orders from Amazon Web Services. OpenAI and AWS place massive orders for chips with Nvidia, which in turn invests 30 billion in OpenAI\u2019s funding round. This is not a Ponzi scheme, but an ouroboros: the serpent biting its own tail. And for the circle to hold, there must be no breaks. Yet OpenAI has still not made a single dollar. The company lost between six and eight billion last year, plans to spend 600 billion by 2030, and is asking the public to believe that by then, profits will materialise. An analyst note from HSBC, on the other hand, estimates that there will still be a cumulative shortfall of 200 billion dollars to fill, which will require \u2018a major refinancing fix\u2019. Major investors are sending out signals. Warren Buffett has methodically liquidated all his holdings over the past eighteen months and is sitting on 325 billion in cash, \u2018completely safe\u2019. Peter Thiel has sold off his Nvidia shares, and Michael Burry has taken out put options on Nvidia to bet that it will \u2018crash and burn\u2019 (source: <a href=\"http:\/\/elucid.media\/economie\/quelque-chose-de-gros-se-prepare-avec-la-finance-frederic-lordon\">Elucid<\/a>).<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d80fb51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d80fb51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The final aspect I\u2019ve been working on is the social impact. Beyond the loss of jobs for coders in Europe, there is a far bleaker reality. Take, for example, an AI designed to recognise cats in images. The human brain is fascinating: a child only needs to see a few examples to identify a cat, whereas an AI requires millions of images.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b80585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5b80585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/22-cats-768x432.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4375\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/22-cats-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/22-cats-512x288.webp 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/22-cats.webp 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee32676 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee32676\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These images must be sorted, extracted and prepared by humans. It is estimated that there are between 150 and 400 million of these \u2018click workers\u2019 worldwide. These are people who carry out micro-tasks, often for low pay, to continuously train the systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1d9fdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c1d9fdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/21b-social-768x394.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4374\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/21b-social-768x394.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/21b-social-512x263.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/21b-social-1024x526.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/21b-social-1536x789.png 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/21b-social.png 2047w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cff52e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cff52e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><em>Wheel of progress<\/em> (Leo Lau &amp; Digit &#8211; betterimagesofai.org)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3237c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3237c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sometimes, it goes much further than that. In a report entitled \u2018<em>Will AI Kill the Internet?<\/em>\u2019, we saw a woman in an African country \u2013 who didn\u2019t even know which company she was working for \u2013 who had to trace wounds on corpses to teach an AI to distinguish between gunshot and stab wounds. Every AI application relies, at some point, on a human doing the work in its place. This isn\u2019t a reduction in work; it\u2019s a shift of that work to where it is cheaper and better hidden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-818208a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"818208a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"396\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/21-lia_va_t_elle_tuer_internet.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4370\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7f0488 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7f0488\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>That doesn\u2019t mean, however, that we should throw everything away. Making a medical diagnosis isn\u2019t daft, but we need to weigh up the benefits against the risks. Is it worth it just to make a TikTok video? The question is what we consider useful in our society \u2013 and at what cost. It\u2019s a question of production, a societal issue that goes far beyond the scope of AI. Right, I\u2019ve finished the introduction.<\/p><p>To get back to my line of work, once these questions of impact had been raised and understood, I said to myself: \u2018All right, AI is here\u2019. There\u2019s a fatalistic view that claims we have no choice, as it\u2019s being imposed by the GAFAM. At one point, I felt like saying that this might be the only time in my life I\u2019ve seen a catastrophic phenomenon on the horizon \u2014 although we need to put it into perspective, as everything is relative when compared to air pollution, for example. I wish I\u2019d been around when we could have fought against the advent of the car \u2013 which is a dream for me, living in the mountains and owning neither a car nor a driving licence. I\u2019m here to witness the arrival of AI, and I felt a surge of rebellion: \u2018Let\u2019s go for it! Let\u2019s say no; for once, we\u2019ll manage to stand up to progress.\u2019 But I think it\u2019s already too late. I have a glimmer of hope that the economic bubble might rid us of it to some extent, but we\u2019re going to have to live with it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25fd27a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"25fd27a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"973\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/23-Pierre_Mignard_1610-1695_-_Time_Clipping_Cupids_Wings_1694-768x973.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4379\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/23-Pierre_Mignard_1610-1695_-_Time_Clipping_Cupids_Wings_1694-768x973.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/23-Pierre_Mignard_1610-1695_-_Time_Clipping_Cupids_Wings_1694-404x512.jpg 404w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/23-Pierre_Mignard_1610-1695_-_Time_Clipping_Cupids_Wings_1694-808x1024.jpg 808w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/23-Pierre_Mignard_1610-1695_-_Time_Clipping_Cupids_Wings_1694-1212x1536.jpg 1212w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/23-Pierre_Mignard_1610-1695_-_Time_Clipping_Cupids_Wings_1694-1616x2048.jpg 1616w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/23-Pierre_Mignard_1610-1695_-_Time_Clipping_Cupids_Wings_1694.jpg 1690w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ee484 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ee484\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><em>Chronos cutting off Cupid\u2019s wings<\/em> (Pierre Mignard, 1694)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c70cee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c70cee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It is interesting to consider how this affects my work as a creator and director, whether in advertising or visual production. I included a scene showing <em>Chronos cutting off Cupid\u2019s wings<\/em>, because I am talking about time, and the main selling point of AI is that it saves time. However, I\u2019m not talking about arthouse films, but about the purpose for which AI was designed. The developers of these systems see art as a flaw, just as they regard my presentation this evening as a flaw; they\u2019d probably prefer me to keep quiet. AI should not be a tool I have to fight against, just as I do not fight against my paintbrush. The paintbrush has its limitations, but I am aware of them and I am the one who decides. AI, on the other hand, tries to prevent me from doing my job.<\/p><p>The demand to work faster, to produce ever more, is entirely incompatible with artistic creation. The philosopher Ivan Illich, who observed the advent of the car, theorised the \u2018radical monopoly of machines\u2019. He explained that the tool eventually comes to dominate the individual and bind them to the social body: whilst a tool should be emancipatory and promote autonomy, it becomes counterproductive when it achieves such a monopoly that we no longer have a choice. His example was the car: its widespread adoption led to the construction of motorways, which ultimately prevented us from travelling by any means other than by car. He also calculated that if we include<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dc1d54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6dc1d54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"347\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/24-Ivan-Illich-347x512.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-4380\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/24-Ivan-Illich-347x512.webp 347w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/24-Ivan-Illich-694x1024.webp 694w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/24-Ivan-Illich-768x1133.webp 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/24-Ivan-Illich.webp 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 347px) 100vw, 347px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75142fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75142fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Ivan Illich (1926-2002)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc29676 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc29676\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>During my hike, I climbed Le Br\u00e9vent, facing Mont Blanc. After a gruelling ascent, I reached the summit and found a tourist in flip-flops eating an ice cream, who\u2019d arrived by cable car. It reminded me of the feeling I get when I see my nephew creating Ghibli-style images with just two clicks. It\u2019s the same disconnect: he took his Instagram photo and left, whereas my memory of the climb is deeply ingrained because the \u2018act of doing\u2019 takes precedence over the destination. You shouldn\u2019t write a novel because you picture yourself holding the finished product, but because you want to write. If you use AI to bypass the process, the result is meaningless. Time doesn\u2019t just allow for quality; it is quality itself.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eab5e94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eab5e94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"983\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/24b-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog-768x983.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4382\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/24b-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/24b-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog-400x512.jpg 400w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/24b-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/24b-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47a29b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a47a29b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><em>Der Wanderer \u00fcber dem Nebelmeer<\/em> (Caspar David Friedrich, 1818, Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1be473 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1be473\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Finally, time allows for quality. When you take that away, you don\u2019t see things through to the end. Unless I\u2019m boring you, just let me know. I fancy pottering about; I\u2019ve got loads to tell you and, in fact, time is the one and only argument in favour of AI: it\u2019ll make things go faster. I want to emphasise this point. I don\u2019t think AI is capable of doing anything else. Let me come back to the artistic side for a moment. Here\u2019s Turner, a 19th-century Romantic painter whom I adore.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bf6d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9bf6d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"571\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/25-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project-768x571.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4386\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/25-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project-768x571.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/25-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project-512x380.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/25-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project-1024x761.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/25-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project-1536x1141.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/25-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project-2048x1522.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-632c42f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"632c42f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Fishermen at sea<\/em> (Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1796)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f8a35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95f8a35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Edmund Burke, an Enlightenment philosopher, explored the concepts of beauty and the sublime. He conceptualised the sublime, which lies beyond beauty. The sublime is what one feels when faced with the immensity of a mountain or a raging sea. It is what humans feel when confronted with incredible beauty mixed with mortal danger. When will an AI be able to understand this sort of concept? It\u2019s impossible. AI cannot be used for that.<\/p><p>So I wonder whether it\u2019s worth the effort, given all its implications. If it were capable of creating the sublime, then perhaps we could have a discussion. We could say that it enables us to achieve astonishing things, works that will stand the test of time. But we all agree that it won\u2019t be able to do that. If it\u2019s incapable of doing so, is it worth the effort?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ed7216 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2ed7216\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"937\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/26-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_-_Edmund_Burke_1729_-_1797._Statesman_orator_and_author_-_PG_2362_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland-768x937.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4387\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/26-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_-_Edmund_Burke_1729_-_1797._Statesman_orator_and_author_-_PG_2362_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland-768x937.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/26-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_-_Edmund_Burke_1729_-_1797._Statesman_orator_and_author_-_PG_2362_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland-420x512.jpg 420w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/26-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_-_Edmund_Burke_1729_-_1797._Statesman_orator_and_author_-_PG_2362_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland-839x1024.jpg 839w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/26-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_-_Edmund_Burke_1729_-_1797._Statesman_orator_and_author_-_PG_2362_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland-1259x1536.jpg 1259w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/26-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_-_Edmund_Burke_1729_-_1797._Statesman_orator_and_author_-_PG_2362_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland-1678x2048.jpg 1678w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ce724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41ce724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Edmund Burke (1729- 1797)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e2a6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72e2a6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I\u2019ll take the example of advertising or children\u2019s cartoons, because AI is sneaking in through the back door, where there\u2019s no budget. That\u2019s how I see it. Animaj, a company founded in 2022, has bought the rights to <em>Maya the Bee<\/em> and <em>Pocoyo<\/em> to release one AI-generated episode a day on YouTube for children. We tolerate it because it\u2019s for children \u2013 it\u2019s not for adults yet \u2013 but that\u2019s the way it\u2019s coming. Not only do I question the value of this, but it\u2019s also taking hold in advertising.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0ff28e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a0ff28e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/27-animaj-768x456.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4391\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/27-animaj-768x456.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/27-animaj-512x304.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/27-animaj.avif 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-786f978 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"786f978\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A friend who works in advertising sent me a photo from a construction company in an Arab country. I\u2019ve blurred the faces and logos for privacy reasons, but I should point out that these are Arab people. The company needed to convert the photo to a portrait format and used AI to generate the missing parts. That\u2019s the easiest way to do it these days with Photoshop: you click, and ask it to fill in the gaps.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6dd5f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b6dd5f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"521\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/28-pub-e1783087336799.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4392\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/28-pub-e1783087336799.png 790w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/28-pub-e1783087336799-512x338.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/28-pub-e1783087336799-768x506.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcb6902 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bcb6902\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Here\u2019s the result, and it\u2019s a problem. That was the first generation to come out, I promise you.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad8b790 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ad8b790\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1063\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/28b-pub-768x1063.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4393\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/28b-pub-768x1063.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/28b-pub-370x512.png 370w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/28b-pub-740x1024.png 740w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/28b-pub.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b02a79f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b02a79f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In other test shots, misshapen feet were found \u2013 the very same flaws that can be seen in Olivier Smolders\u2019 film. This is the only version in which the legs appeared to be correct.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a60556f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a60556f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/29_Souvenirs_d_un_ami6-768x401.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4397\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/29_Souvenirs_d_un_ami6-768x401.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/29_Souvenirs_d_un_ami6-512x268.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/29_Souvenirs_d_un_ami6.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ce7501 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ce7501\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><em>Souvenirs d&rsquo;un ami<\/em> (Olivier Smolders, prod. : Le Scarab\u00e9e\/WIP, 2025)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48320b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48320b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I also asked an AI to generate a family photo for me, to see what I was up against. You can understand its biases by looking at what it produces. The result is interesting: they\u2019re beautiful, certainly, but they\u2019re very white, even very fair-haired \u2014 even the dog is fair-haired.<\/p><p>I call that fascist, and I don\u2019t say that lightly. The cult of the perfect body, the perfect family, normativity and the uniformity of representations \u2013 it wasn\u2019t just anyone who wrote that: it was Mussolini. He would have loved AI, because that\u2019s exactly what it does. This is an important point, because we\u2019re talking about a supposedly creative tool that imposes this sort of representation on us, which is a terrible form of narrow-mindedness. I work in the world of animation and advertising, and in the 2010s, there was a real sense of a desire for inclusivity. We were starting to ask ourselves whether, in lingerie adverts, we might feature people who were a bit curvier, or whether, in group photos, we might make sure to include all skin colours. We were a long way from achieving that, but there was a growing awareness: we were trying to represent people as they really are.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614170c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"614170c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"566\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/30-famille-768x566.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4398\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/30-famille-768x566.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/30-famille-512x377.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/30-famille-1024x755.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/30-famille.png 1415w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e8f886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e8f886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>AI has ruined everything. Because we have to work quickly, and because clients are demanding we use it to cut costs, we no longer have time to correct these errors. The aim is to be the first to publish the content, and the client no longer has any regard for these issues. It\u2019s worse than we realise. All graphic designers and animators make an effort to include diversity, but clients ask for it to be removed. I\u2019ve seen with my own eyes a client\u2019s feedback saying: \u2018No, but a female mechanic? We\u2019re not going to go that far, are we? \u2019 It\u2019s completely uninhibited. AI facilitates this, as it operates on a statistical average. As the global average is dominated by certain representations, the result is inevitably normative.<\/p><p>It\u2019s all white! There are so many Swedes!<\/p><p>A family is more like the one you see in Jean Forest\u2019s film, <em>R\u00e9union de famille<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83cf40d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"83cf40d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Forest-1024x681.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4403\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Forest-1024x681.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Forest-512x341.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Forest-768x511.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Forest.png 1153w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11cff74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11cff74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><em>R\u00e9union de famille<\/em> (Jean Forest, prod. : Rayuela productions, Supermouche productions &amp; Zorobabel, 2025)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d5fec8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d5fec8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There\u2019s a real problem with this kitsch imagery generated by AI, and I genuinely see a step backwards that we won\u2019t be able to fight against. This is no trivial matter, and the same applies to text. A study was recently published showing that simple autocomplete \u2014 the fact that AI finishes our sentences for us \u2014 alters people\u2019s opinions. When you see what this produces, you realise it\u2019s problematic. It isn\u2019t necessarily a deliberate conspiracy, but AI systems are inherently biased; neutrality doesn\u2019t exist. Even if we correct the bias towards a white family, we\u2019ll create another bias.<\/p><p>To conclude with this family photo, when I asked for a \u2018racialised\u2019 family, the AI refused, claiming that I had no right to use that term. As well as being prescriptive, it censors. Why ban me from using that word? It deprives us of the language that allows us to think about the victims of racism. The war of words is important.<\/p><p>And it isn\u2019t Gemini (Google) or Claude (Anthropic); it\u2019s Adobe \u2014 the software company behind every image in the world \u2014 that has censored the word \u2018racialised\u2019. There isn\u2019t a single image you see anywhere in the world that hasn\u2019t been processed by Adobe software, and it is this company that has implemented this censorship. I\u2019ll leave you to think about that for yourselves.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3aebb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e3aebb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/31-Firefly-Photoshop-Car-768x508.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4399\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/31-Firefly-Photoshop-Car-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/31-Firefly-Photoshop-Car-512x338.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/31-Firefly-Photoshop-Car-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/31-Firefly-Photoshop-Car.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbccb9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fbccb9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>With Adobe Firefly technology, it is possible to add an element to an image in Photoshop simply by entering a prompt.<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-115fdab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"115fdab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To return to a more artistic aspect, here is an example I\u2019ve borrowed from The Hotmeal, a comic-book artist who is very successful in the United States. It is <em>Christina\u2019s World<\/em>, a painting by Andrew Wyeth. In it, the painter depicted his neighbour, who suffered from an illness that paralysed her and caused her pain whenever she moved; he sought to illustrate this suffering through her journey from her bed to her kitchen. I\u2019d very much like to see this painting in person, as it has a distinctive feature. For a start, an AI wouldn\u2019t really be able to do this, as it doesn\u2019t know how to compose outside the classical conventions to shift the focus away from the subject. But above all, the painter painted every blade of grass and every strand of hair with tiny brushes, spending an infinite amount of time on these details. Unlike an AI, which effortlessly generates ultra-detailed images, the painter spent all that time because he wanted to put himself in the same state of suffering as his subject. His creative process tells a story; it is an integral part of the work.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f1f9c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6f1f9c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"514\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Christinas-World-Andrew-Wyeth-768x514.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4407\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Christinas-World-Andrew-Wyeth-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Christinas-World-Andrew-Wyeth-512x343.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Christinas-World-Andrew-Wyeth-1024x686.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Christinas-World-Andrew-Wyeth-1536x1028.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/32-Christinas-World-Andrew-Wyeth.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09a1fd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09a1fd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><em>Christina\u2019s World<\/em> (Andrew Wyeth, 1948)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b18999c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b18999c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This is why the choice of production technique in animated film is, in itself, a narrative choice. That is why it is tiresome for those in the industry to hear that AI is going to \u2018replace all jobs\u2019. That would deprive us of an essential narrative choice: the choice of how we make things.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1610ca6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1610ca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"431\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/33-Kassovitz-768x431.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4415\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/33-Kassovitz-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/33-Kassovitz-512x287.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/33-Kassovitz-1024x575.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/33-Kassovitz-1536x862.png 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/33-Kassovitz.png 2046w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6831c3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6831c3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Mathieu Kassovitz at the World AI Film Festival (WAIFF) as part of the \u2018Different Perspectives on AI in Cinema\u2019 talk with Claude Lellouch<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-226f00c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"226f00c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Finally, I can\u2019t help but mention Mathieu Kassovitz. He has said that digital special effects are so pervasive in films that he no longer knows what he\u2019s watching. According to him, when he watches a film with special effects, he doesn\u2019t know whether the snow, the car or the stunt are real, which robs him of any emotion. I want to reply: \u2018Mathieu, it\u2019s cinema. Cinema is, by definition, an illusion.\u2019 He uses this fallacious argument to justify the fact that he is currently directing a feature film made entirely using AI, claiming that with this technology, we are no longer dealing with \u2018pretence\u2019 but with the \u2018recreation of reality\u2019.<\/p><p>Ultimately, this is a worrying situation. These are influential people, whose views are listened to and amplified by media outlets such as France Culture. It\u2019s problematic to see public figures who are supposed to champion cinema making such statements; it frightens me a little.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c726c0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c726c0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"681\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/34-nosferatu-affiche-potemkine-2022.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4416\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/34-nosferatu-affiche-potemkine-2022.webp 681w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/34-nosferatu-affiche-potemkine-2022-387x512.webp 387w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 681px) 100vw, 681px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bc82e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1bc82e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nosferatu<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Murnau (1922)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afa7499 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"afa7499\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To conclude, I studied film and I teach animation. Like any student, we practise film analysis. Let\u2019s take Murnau\u2019s <em>Nosferatu<\/em>, released around 1920. It\u2019s a German expressionist film in which, although it\u2019s shot on location, everything is extremely carefully thought out and artificial. This ties in with my work as an animator: in animation, every single pixel is chosen. We create everything. There\u2019s an intention, a narrative choice, in every detail, such as the way the hero descends a staircase from light into shadow. I love analysing these intentions. However, if I\u2019m presented with an image created by AI, I find myself faced with a problem. As a film critic, I\u2019m at a loss, because I don\u2019t know where to draw the line between what is intentional and what is simply an artefact of the AI. Do we need to ask for the prompts and the \u2018making-of\u2019 details for each shot in order to understand the work?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-541c1ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"541c1ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/35-Souvenirs-dun-ami-Olivier-Smolders-prod.-Le-Scarabee-WIP-2025-768x432.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4417\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/35-Souvenirs-dun-ami-Olivier-Smolders-prod.-Le-Scarabee-WIP-2025-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/35-Souvenirs-dun-ami-Olivier-Smolders-prod.-Le-Scarabee-WIP-2025-512x288.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/35-Souvenirs-dun-ami-Olivier-Smolders-prod.-Le-Scarabee-WIP-2025-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/35-Souvenirs-dun-ami-Olivier-Smolders-prod.-Le-Scarabee-WIP-2025.jpg 1170w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3793e0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3793e0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><em>Souvenirs d&rsquo;un ami<\/em> (Olivier Smolders, prod. : Le Scarab\u00e9e\/WIP, 2025)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d836f1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d836f1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>That\u2019s what I found myself wondering whilst watching Olivier Smolders\u2019 film <em>Souvenir d\u2019un ami<\/em>. The fact that it was created using AI is made clear, and that\u2019s very interesting. I\u2019m very interested in memory and the way it becomes distorted over time. Yet, throughout the film, I was torn: are the distortions in the image intentional on the part of the human, or are they random errors produced by the machine? I found it hard to make up my mind, with the feeling that the AI dilutes the human element in the film. I can\u2019t think of any other techniques where the dilution is quite so pronounced. It\u2019s a way of creating images that raises questions for me and which, for me, remains a grey area.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6700544 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6700544\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"516\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/43-robida-1024x661.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4428\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/43-robida-1024x661.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/43-robida-512x330.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/43-robida-768x496.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/43-robida-1536x991.png 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/43-robida.png 1652w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432fc8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"432fc8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>La sortie de l&rsquo;op\u00e9ra en l&rsquo;an 2000<\/em>, Albert Robida (vers 1902)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afad35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5afad35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are plenty of other topics I cover in my book and my podcast, but I\u2019ll finish with a little story. An American scientist with a deep knowledge of physics, Daniel Whiteson (<em>Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe<\/em>), is eagerly awaiting the arrival of aliens on Earth. He hopes they\u2019ll be more advanced than us and that they\u2019ll answer all his scientific questions. No, it\u2019s not going to happen like that. So let\u2019s imagine that an alien civilisation arrives on Earth, having travelled millions of light-years. Everyone is stunned. They\u2019re so far ahead that they have a universal translator. They\u2019re billions of years ahead of us. We finally ask them for their secrets: how did they achieve propulsion and interstellar travel? How does their spacecraft work? And do you know what they reply? \u2018AI did it.\u2019<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-355eade elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"355eade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"447\" height=\"447\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/42-daniel.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4429\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/42-daniel.jpg 447w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/42-daniel-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-093a533 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"093a533\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe: an entertaining podcast dedicated to the big, mind-boggling and unanswered questions about the Universe. In each episode, Daniel Whiteson (a physicist working at CERN) and Jorge Cham (a hugely popular online cartoonist) tackle some of the simple yet profound questions that humanity has been asking for thousands of years, explaining the science in a fun, relaxed way, free from jargon. <a class=\"x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x1ejq31n x18oe1m7 x1sy0etr xstzfhl x972fbf x10w94by x1qhh985 x14e42zd x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 x3ct3a4 xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xkrqix3 x1sur9pj x1fey0fg x1s688f\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.danielandjorge.com\/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAYnJpZBExNlVBYUZmZTQ2WUVPNlNjR3NydGMGYXBwX2lkEDIyMjAzOTE3ODgyMDA4OTIAAR4m36N2kST3iy-AYI3-xaKz97kcj-Ito2drMl42TFwfbGYXR5vt1Z33YjIU1A_aem_uKVUR7WtV5urA-I1AN1GBw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">danielandjorge.com<\/a><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a7c345 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a7c345\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>That\u2019s my conclusion. And this brings me back to my point about rules in AI. That\u2019s what worries me: fundamentally, there\u2019s a loss of knowledge in AI.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a2f71f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1a2f71f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/42-et-768x513.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4427\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/42-et-768x513.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/42-et-512x342.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/42-et-1024x684.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/42-et-1536x1025.png 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/42-et.png 1597w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8fb21b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8fb21b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Elliot and E.T. cosplayer<\/em>, Gage Skidmore (2016)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf462b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf462b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Question from the audience:<\/strong> Thank you \u2013 it was a real pleasure to hear you speak and to learn so much from what you\u2019ve shared. Given that AI ultimately has a philosophical dimension, in relation to three key aspects of our time on Earth \u2013 uncertainty, finitude and loneliness \u2013 what does it offer us?<\/p><p><strong>Nicolas Dufresne:<\/strong> That\u2019s a very simple question, and I\u2019m not quite sure how to answer it. I don\u2019t think it takes us very far on these subjects, or even on a philosophical level. I\u2019d been hopeful. AI was created, as I said earlier, with the aim of understanding the brain. There was a scientific approach before it became a tool used by technicians in Silicon Valley; there was a desire to understand the human mind. These questions \u2013 which I haven\u2019t mentioned because they seem to me to be off-topic, such as whether AI can have consciousness or access something else \u2013 sometimes allow us to ask genuine philosophical questions about the replication of the mind. But we must demystify AI: it remains a statistical tool, a system that works very well for what we ask of it, but it is a serious mistake to believe that there is anything behind it. It is a run-of-the-mill generator. I attach no philosophical significance to AI as such. I am interested in its impact on society, not in what it fundamentally is, as long as it does not become something else \u2014 and that\u2019s not likely to happen any time soon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca884f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ca884f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"671\" height=\"846\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/36-Lordon.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4418\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/36-Lordon.png 671w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/36-Lordon-406x512.png 406w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049c123 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"049c123\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lordon, \u00ab\u00a0IA krach ?\u00a0\u00bb, <i data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"41\">Les blogs du Diplo<\/i>, 1 July 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.mondediplo.net\/ia-krach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQ_4QMahcKEwjezerxyOiVAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQUA\">blog.mondediplo.net\/ia-krach<\/a><br \/>In this article published on 1 July 2026 on the <em>Le Monde diplomatique<\/em> blog, economist Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lordon analyses the possibility of a financial collapse linked to artificial intelligence, fuelled by a stock market valuation bubble and a credit bubble. He highlights the critical disconnect between the astronomical investments made by tech giants and the lack of clear returns on investment, marked by growing scepticism among corporate clients in the face of soaring costs. Finally, the author explains that the erosion of collective beliefs regarding the economic potential of AI, combined with rising competition from China, could cause the sector to shift from blind enthusiasm to particularly brutal financial write-downs.<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359d874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359d874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Nicolas Dufresne :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> I refer you to the article by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lordon that I mentioned, as he is far more of an expert on the subject than I am. But it is true that we must understand that, in addition to their desire to make themselves indispensable, these companies are seeking to position themselves at the heart of the system. To take a less dramatic example from an animation studio, we are being pushed from all sides to use AI: by clients, by the government, which wants to justify its investments in 50-billion data centres, and even by producers who want to cut costs. Companies are adapting their production methods to these tools. When the bubble bursts, it will drag all these companies down with it, because there will be no going back: we will already have made staff redundant who have been replaced by AI, and we will already have slashed our rates. This is why the bubble is dangerous: it\u2019s a very real threat to companies that have already started replacing humans with automated systems.<\/span><\/p><p><b>William Henne :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> And yes, it\u2019s a financial bubble reaching unprecedented heights in terms of investment, even compared to 2008, and it simply cannot be profitable.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Nicolas Dufresne :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> hat\u2019s impossible. This isn\u2019t just a matter of opinion: if you look at OpenAI\u2019s figures, their debt already runs into the hundreds of billions. To become profitable, they would need to earn enough to pay off that debt whilst continuing to operate over the next ten years. No one can objectively believe that\u2019s possible.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fab150 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6fab150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/37-DeepSeek-768x513.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4419\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/37-DeepSeek-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/37-DeepSeek-512x342.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/37-DeepSeek.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb348f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb348f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Question from the audience:<\/strong> I\u2019d heard, when it was first released, that the Chinese AI DeepSeek was much more efficient and used less energy. Do you know anything about this? It could offer a solution to the environmental problem.<\/p><p><strong>Nicolas Dufresne:<\/strong> It turned out that the first version of DeepSeek was a hoax, which explains why there was less talk of it. They\u2019ve recently released a V2 with the same claim. I don\u2019t know whether it\u2019s true or not, but it doesn\u2019t make much difference: we\u2019re facing such astronomical levels of energy consumption that simply being \u2018a little less\u2019 energy-intensive isn\u2019t enough. We\u2019d need to drastically reduce consumption. We\u2019re dealing with orders of magnitude that go far beyond the simple need for reduction. Digital technology was already an environmental problem before AI; in animation studios, the National Film Centre was already requiring us to carry out carbon assessments of our computers in order to obtain grants. I wonder how they\u2019re going to factor in AI, because as soon as an image is generated by AI, the carbon assessment becomes obsolete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d97c21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6d97c21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"766\" height=\"433\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/38-Nature.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4423\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/38-Nature.png 766w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/38-Nature-512x289.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 766px) 100vw, 766px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13ed998 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13ed998\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Question from the audience:<\/strong> Thank you for the talk; I had a good laugh, especially towards the end with the image of the family. I\u2019m going to attempt a critique of the talk from a left-wing perspective, through a Marxist lens. On the philosophical question of what AI is capable of, my view used to boil down to this: it\u2019s just a calculating machine, a statistical tool, and it won\u2019t be able to think for itself. But recently, a YouTuber, Mr Phi, has shaken my convictions a little. The more we increase the power of the models, the more new possibilities are created, which is mind-boggling. However, this does not call into question my fundamental analysis: AI is merely an acceleration of capitalist society. We, the \u2018cultural bourgeoisie\u2019 in cultural production, are now discovering the instability that blue-collar workers experienced with mechanisation, automation and proletarianisation. We are in the process of becoming redundant. The fundamental critique remains that any technology developed within capitalism is aimed at acceleration for the profit of capital. Finally, on the ecological front, I would point to the rebound effect, or Jevons\u2019 paradox, according to which improving a machine\u2019s efficiency does not reduce energy consumption, but increases the overall use of such machines.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-895ecfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"895ecfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1026\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/45-Jevons-768x1026.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4432\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/45-Jevons-768x1026.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/45-Jevons-383x512.jpg 383w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/45-Jevons-766x1024.jpg 766w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/45-Jevons.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bfdf87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bfdf87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>William Stanley Jevons. In his 1865 book, T<em>he Coal Question<\/em>, Jevons observed that British coal consumption rose sharply after James Watt introduced his steam engine. Watt\u2019s innovations made coal a more cost-effective source of energy, leading to the widespread adoption of his steam engine in factories. Rather than reducing total coal consumption, technological improvements and gains in efficiency led to an increase in total coal consumption, hence the paradox.<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79a82d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79a82d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Nicolas Dufresne : <\/b>That is exactly the Jevons paradox. I fully agree with your analysis of the automation of labour.<\/p><p>As for the cognitive capabilities of AI that some people believe in, we need to be very cautious. To come back to Mr Phi, I\u2019m currently working on the lobbying activities of AI companies. Some time ago, Mr Phi mentioned tests applied to AI, known as ARC-AGI*. Companies are designing AI specifically to pass these tests, much like in the \u2018dieselgate\u2019 scandal, where engines were rigged to pass emissions tests without actually reducing pollution. Furthermore, these companies are consciously and deliberately using marketing techniques inherited from the tobacco industry: flooding the world with scientific studies, even those of dubious quality, to dilute genuine knowledge. We must be highly critical of articles published on archive.org that have not been peer-reviewed, or were reviewed too late, or even those published in prestigious journals such as <em>Nature<\/em>, which had to retract \u2013 a very rare occurrence \u2013 a bogus meta-study on the positive impact of AI in education. We are in the midst of the post-truth era, where scientific truth is no longer the issue. At the very least, we must maintain a diversity of opinions and be wary of anything that is too extreme, whether it is overly pro-AI or overly anti-AI. The furore will probably die down along with the economic bubble, but in the meantime, we are right in the eye of the storm.<\/p><p>* ARC-AGI, <em>Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus for Artificial General Intelligence<\/em>. This benchmark is designed to evaluate a program\u2019s ability to solve simple problems in visual recognition and logic.<\/p><p><strong>Question from the audience:<\/strong> Thank you very much for the talk. We haven\u2019t discussed geopolitics tonight. Yet we\u2019re constantly being told that we must be the first to master AI so as not to be overtaken by the United States or China, in the name of the arms race. To what extent is this a justification for colossal investments, or a real threat? Aren\u2019t we repeating the same pattern we saw with nuclear power, and how concerned should we be?<\/p><p><strong>Nicolas Dufresne:<\/strong> There are several parts to the answer. First, we can look at who is making these claims and what their interests are. Second, if we consider the environmental crisis and the economic bubble, is this really the smartest strategy? It\u2019s not the small players who will be resilient; OpenAI will survive the bubble, but building a structure robust enough to withstand a crisis is another matter entirely. Personally, I live without a car, without a smartphone, and without AI deep in the countryside, and I\u2019m very happy. Many countries\u2014and even some European ones\u2014don\u2019t make the \u201cAI race\u201d a priority, and that\u2019s okay. We need to take a step back. I&rsquo;m no expert on geopolitics, and I&rsquo;m more of an anti-militarist, so arguments about missile balance don&rsquo;t convince me, but everyone is free to form their own opinion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64b024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f64b024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/39-nosferatu-768x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4424\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/39-nosferatu-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/39-nosferatu-512x384.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/39-nosferatu-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/39-nosferatu.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03afad0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03afad0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><i>Nosferatu<\/i>, Murnau (1922)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d695c2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d695c2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Olivier Smolders : <\/b>Thank you for this talk and these insights. I\u2019d like to return to the area where I have expertise: creativity. You mentioned that the intention of a director, a cinematographer, or a technical crew in a film like <em>Nosferatu<\/em> reassures you and creates a connection with the audience. That\u2019s true, but it\u2019s a perspective rooted in classical cinema. Since then, across all the arts, the question of the author\u2019s intention has been set aside. Similarly, in literature, we ask what the text says rather than what the author meant to say. I get the impression that all of us\u2014myself included\u2014instinctively recoil from an image produced by AI, under the pretext that there is no intention behind it. Yet an AI-generated image in a film is the result of a series of technical and aesthetic choices. Don\u2019t we have an intuitive reflex to reject it so as not to be seduced by a machine?<\/p><p><strong>Nicolas Dufresne:<\/strong> It\u2019s clear that we have this deep-seated reaction of rejection. That said, coming from the world of animated film, we have the unique advantage of creating everything from scratch, which leads us to think long and hard about every choice regarding lighting or staging to maintain narrative coherence. When it comes to using AI, I\u2019m concerned\u2014especially for my students\u2014about the introduction of uncontrolled elements that could undermine their intended message without them even realizing it. Above all, within the context of the culture industry as defined by Adorno and the Frankfurt School (we\u2019re feeling very neo-Marxist tonight), aside from the auteur cinema movement, of course, AI is marketed under a demand for speed that prevents us from taking the time to reflect on what we\u2019re doing. That, to me, is where the fundamental problem lies, and that is also the source of my rejection of it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80148ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80148ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"397\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/40-Christinas-World-Andrew-Wyeth.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4425\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/40-Christinas-World-Andrew-Wyeth.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/40-Christinas-World-Andrew-Wyeth-512x265.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acdac4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"acdac4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><em>Christina\u2019s World<\/em> (Andrew Wyeth, 1948 &#8211; detail)<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a4ea7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a4ea7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>William Henne :\u00a0<\/b>In animated film, we love the hard work; the audience loves to see the effort. There\u2019s a certain romanticism to it. It\u2019s a bit like that 1948 Wyeth painting we saw earlier: he painted every single blade of grass with a brush made of horsehair. There\u2019s a certain romanticism in identifying with the hard work that must have gone into it.<\/p><p><strong>Nicolas Dufresne:<\/strong> Yes, that\u2019s right. There\u2019s also an admiration\u2014even if we don\u2019t want to admit it\u2014for the ability to create the piece. And if it\u2019s easy, it loses its appeal. Does it lose its appeal if it\u2019s easy? It turns out that\u2019s the case when we look at it. People are disappointed if an image was easy to make. It loses some of its appeal, especially when it\u2019s hyper-polished like what AI produces. The paradox is that AI gives us an image that\u2019s technically perfect. The family photo, for example, is beautifully lit, there aren\u2019t six fingers, everything is perfect\u2014and perfectly white. That perfection loses its appeal if it wasn\u2019t difficult to create.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3935921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3935921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"529\" height=\"565\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/41-Alain-Damasio.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4426\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/41-Alain-Damasio.png 529w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/41-Alain-Damasio-479x512.png 479w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-746e7e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"746e7e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Question from the audience:<\/strong> Thank you for the conference. I heard Alain Damasio speak about a year ago. He was working on the topic of AI and came across a novel written by an AI. He read it and said, \u201cWow, I kind of feel like I wrote it myself.\u201d He was reflecting on what that implies for art and creativity. On the other hand, there\u2019s a widespread willingness to relinquish control over the creative process. For example, many students produce entire sections of their theses using AI. Professors are trained to spot it, and everyone wastes time. It\u2019s ridiculous. The question is: why? We\u2019re in such a selective system that we feel we have to conform to the norm, and this standardizing system seems ideal for that. We need to find a way to celebrate singularity\u2014what isn\u2019t polished. It feels like we\u2019re not succeeding at all. I often show my students films from the 1970s with slightly \u201cgritty\u201d images. It\u2019s fascinating because today, we no longer see that kind of imagery; everything has been smoothed out. We\u2019re fascinated by smooth images.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0d4cd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b0d4cd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"950\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/43-Cave-768x950.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4430\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/43-Cave-768x950.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/43-Cave-414x512.jpg 414w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/43-Cave.jpg 776w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15cff4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15cff4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Nicolas Dufresne :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Yes, and that\u2019s incredibly normative. It\u2019s incredibly important. I don\u2019t really have an answer, but as far as Damasio is concerned, I find it interesting. Nick Cave, the Australian singer, faced exactly the same problem. He received a song written by ChatGPT that imitated his style. He posted a very insightful response on his blog, <em>The Red Hand Files<\/em>. First, he immediately sees that it\u2019s not Nick Cave; he\u2019s not fooled. Then he comes back to this idea of hard work: for him, a song is the result of suffering, and what gives it value is also the fact that someone created it. It\u2019s very abstract because, in reality, we won\u2019t be able to tell the difference, but knowing that makes a difference.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b741c5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b741c5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"541\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/44-Calvo.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4431\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/44-Calvo.jpg 400w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/44-Calvo-379x512.jpg 379w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7590795 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7590795\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>La b\u00eate est morte<\/em>, Edmond-Fran\u00e7ois Calvo &amp; Victor Dancette (\u00c9ditions G.P., 1944)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4cee25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4cee25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>William Henne :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> There are a few creators who are embracing AI with a genuine reflection on the algorithm and what it can produce, and who are creating things that are absolutely relevant. It won\u2019t be a Mathieu Kassovitz film, I think, but maybe he\u2019ll make a film that takes a fairly straightforward approach to using the tool.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Nicolas Dufresne :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> He wants to make a movie about rabbits waging war against the big bad wolf during World War II\u2014with the big bad wolf representing the Nazis. Filming rabbits was too complicated; he wouldn\u2019t have been able to do it without AI.<\/span><\/p><p><b>William Henne :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It\u2019s based on the comic book by Edmond-Fran\u00e7ois Calvo and Victor Dancette, <em>La b\u00eate est morte<\/em>, published in 1944.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Nicolas Dufresne :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It\u2019s going to be great. I can\u2019t wait to see it in theaters!<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f313fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5f313fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/46-lordon-768x432.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4433\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/46-lordon-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/46-lordon-512x288.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/46-lordon-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/46-lordon-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/46-lordon.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-837cbb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"837cbb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"http:\/\/elucid.media\/economie\/quelque-chose-de-gros-se-prepare-avec-la-finance-frederic-lordon\">elucid.media\/economie\/quelque-chose-de-gros-se-prepare-avec-la-finance-frederic-lordon<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3965566 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3965566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>William Henne :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Thank you very much, Nicolas. Did Yann want to say something?<\/span><\/p><p><b>Yann Bonin :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>Thank you all for coming. For those who find it difficult to read Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lordon in <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le Monde diplomatique<\/span><\/i>, please know that he often explains his writings in videos. Following the study on the AI financial bubble, if you go to the <a href=\"http:\/\/elucid.media\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">elucid.media<\/span><\/i><\/a> website, he explains it all there in a way that\u2019s easier to understand. Thank you again.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82ebc32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"82ebc32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"586\" height=\"966\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/nicolas-dufresne-le-trou-noir-philosophique.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4434\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/nicolas-dufresne-le-trou-noir-philosophique.png 586w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/nicolas-dufresne-le-trou-noir-philosophique-311x512.png 311w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 586px) 100vw, 586px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f351e75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f351e75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nicolas Dufresne &#8211; Le trou noir philosophique. Cons\u00e9quences des I.A. statistiques sur la connaissance<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-949402e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"949402e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/08-FOURMI.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4357\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/08-FOURMI.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/08-FOURMI-65x65.png 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d808fa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d808fa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/lafourmi.media\">lafourmi.media<\/a><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>THEORY MASTERCLASS THE PHILOSOPHICAL BLACK HOLE A conference on generative AI to be held on 16 May 2026 at the Nova cinema in Brussels. https:\/\/vimeo.com\/1201754014<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4441","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-theory"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4441","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4441"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4441\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4464,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4441\/revisions\/4464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4441"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4441"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4441"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}