{"id":2777,"date":"2024-10-03T11:51:16","date_gmt":"2024-10-03T11:51:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/?p=2777"},"modified":"2024-10-04T14:12:18","modified_gmt":"2024-10-04T14:12:18","slug":"la-definition-de-lanimation-une-lettre-de-norman-mclaren","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/fr\/la-definition-de-lanimation-une-lettre-de-norman-mclaren\/","title":{"rendered":"LA D\u00c9FINITION DE L\u2019ANIMATION, UNE LETTRE DE NORMAN MCLAREN"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2777\" class=\"elementor elementor-2777\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f58a65f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f58a65f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75f1b9de\" data-id=\"75f1b9de\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05d02e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05d02e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LA D\u00c9FINITION DE L\u2019ANIMATION, UNE LETTRE DE NORMAN MCLAREN<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8033c52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8033c52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Georges Sifianos<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f64cf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5f64cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"438\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Norman-McLaren-438x512.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2743\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Norman-McLaren-438x512.webp 438w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Norman-McLaren-876x1024.webp 876w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Norman-McLaren-768x898.webp 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Norman-McLaren-1314x1536.webp 1314w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Norman-McLaren.webp 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cab7d30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cab7d30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En 1986, alors que j&rsquo;\u00e9crivais ma th\u00e8se de doctorat sur le th\u00e8me \u00ab Langage et esth\u00e9tique du cin\u00e9ma d&rsquo;animation \u00bb, je passais beaucoup de temps \u00e0 essayer de comprendre en profondeur le sens du terme \u00ab animation \u00bb. Des d\u00e9finitions existaient, mais elles n\u2019\u00e9taient pas toujours satisfaisantes. Dans la plupart des cas, le probl\u00e8me principal \u00e9tait que l\u2019on essayait de d\u00e9finir ce cin\u00e9ma en fonction de ses techniques, alors que des r\u00e9sultats identiques peuvent \u00eatre obtenus en utilisant une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de techniques. Il n\u2019y avait pas de limites claires. Si l&rsquo;on prend par exemple la d\u00e9finition classique du cin\u00e9ma d&rsquo;animation, \u00able cin\u00e9ma image par image\u00bb, elle s&rsquo;av\u00e8re tr\u00e8s vite limit\u00e9e comme on peut le constater si on filme un \u00e9l\u00e9ment immobile, un mur par exemple, avec diff\u00e9rentes cadences : \u00e0 300 images par seconde, \u00e0 24 images par seconde ou image par image : le r\u00e9sultat reste identique.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pour moi, la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019animation n\u2019\u00e9tait pas inh\u00e9rente \u00e0 un objet, mais lui \u00e9tait attribu\u00e9e. Cette qualit\u00e9 d\u00e9pendait ainsi davantage de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque, de la culture et de la p\u00e9riode historique, que de la technique.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a330e5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a330e5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"396\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-01-512x396.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2697\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-01-512x396.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-01-1024x792.png 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-01-768x594.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-01.png 1134w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b142a57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b142a57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Le mouvement image par image<\/em> de Norman McLaren &amp; Grant Munro (1976)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-350c4d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"350c4d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"TEXTE01\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c460347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c460347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019une des d\u00e9finitions les plus connues de l\u2019animation \u00e9tait celle de Norman McLaren, qui a fait les trois affirmations suivantes <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"#NOTE01\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00ab L&rsquo;animation n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;art <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">des<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DESSINS<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qui<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bougent<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> mais l&rsquo;art de <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MOUVEMENTS<\/span> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">dessin\u00e9s<\/span>.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ce qui se passe entre chaque photogramme est beaucoup plus important que ce qu&rsquo;il y a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">sur<\/span> chaque photogramme.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;animation est par cons\u00e9quent l&rsquo;art de manipuler les interstices invisibles qui sont entre les photogrammes.\u00bb <a class=\"myredlink\" href=\"#NOTE02\"><strong>[2]<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a42086c elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"a42086c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"TEXTE02\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f68e83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5f68e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"408\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/003-408x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2693\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/003-408x512.jpg 408w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/003.jpg 637w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7b47c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"f7b47c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"TEXTE03\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c218556 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c218556\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J&rsquo;avais remarqu\u00e9 \u00e0 maintes reprises, combien la volont\u00e9 de revaloriser un cin\u00e9ma injustement consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un \u00ab cin\u00e9ma pour enfants \u00bb, conduisait \u00e0 l&rsquo;adoption d&rsquo;id\u00e9es impressionnantes mais discutables. Je me demandais si la d\u00e9finition \u00e9nigmatique de Norman McLaren ne cr\u00e9ait pas \u00e9galement une mythologie pour le cin\u00e9ma d&rsquo;animation (l&rsquo;expression \u00abl&rsquo;art de manipuler les interstices invisibles\u00bb, sugg\u00e9rait l&rsquo;id\u00e9e d&rsquo;un pouvoir magique\u2026). Diff\u00e9rentes traductions de la d\u00e9finition de McLaren ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 davantage la dimension m\u00e9taphysique, ce qui attisait ma curiosit\u00e9 sur ce qu&rsquo;il voulait dire exactement. <a class=\"myredlink\" href=\"#NOTE03\"><strong>[3]<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fd2c5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3fd2c5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"393\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-02-512x393.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2698\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-02-512x393.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-02-768x590.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-02.png 867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcda9bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcda9bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Le mouvement image par image<\/em> de Norman McLaren &amp; Grant Munro (1976)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a29f96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a29f96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c0 la question de savoir comment \u00ab dessiner \u00bb un mouvement, diverses r\u00e9ponses ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9es : par exemple, G\u00e9ricault, dans son tableau \u00ab Le Derby d&rsquo;Epsom \u00bb, combine deux moments diff\u00e9rents du galop d&rsquo;un cheval pour cr\u00e9er une sensation de mouvement. La solution des futuristes \u00e9tait de multiplier le nombre de pattes d&rsquo;un animal, par exemple, dans un tableau donn\u00e9. Mais quel \u00e9tait le point de vue de McLaren ? Qu&rsquo;entendait-il par \u00ab mouvements dessin\u00e9s \u00bb ? Son expression \u00e9tait-elle litt\u00e9rale ou figurative ? Litt\u00e9ralement, un mouvement ne peut pas \u00eatre dessin\u00e9. M\u00e9taphoriquement, le sens n\u2019\u00e9tait pas non plus clair. D&rsquo;un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, je me demandais pourquoi \u00ab ce qui se passe entre les images \u00bb \u00e9tait si important. Si cela avait une valeur pour un scientifique, en quoi cela serait valable pour un artiste dont le travail figure sur chaque photogramme ? Pourquoi les images sur les photogrammes sont-elles moins importantes ?<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbf0a06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"bbf0a06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"TEXTE04\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa2d2be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa2d2be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bien s\u00fbr, j\u2019ai compris que McLaren, en tant qu\u2019animateur, pr\u00e9f\u00e9rait le mouvement aux images statiques. Cependant, j&rsquo;avais des questions sur sa d\u00e9finition de l&rsquo;animation, alors je lui ai \u00e9crit pour lui demander des \u00e9claircissements. Ci-dessous, on peut trouver la lettre que j&rsquo;ai re\u00e7ue en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 mes questions, dans laquelle McLaren modifie sa d\u00e9finition initiale.<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"#NOTE04\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <strong>[4]<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45f3ea4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"45f3ea4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"NOTE01\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d7cce8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d7cce8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[1] Norman McLaren, dans : <i>Les cin\u00e9astes d&rsquo;animation face au mouvement<\/i> d\u2019Andr\u00e9 Martin (Poitiers : Imprimerie Daynac, s. d.). On trouve cette d\u00e9finition dans des \u00e9ditions comme <i>Cartoons<\/i> de Giannalberto Bendazzi (London: John Libbey, 1994), <i>Les ateliers de cin\u00e9ma d\u2019 animation: film et vid\u00e9o<\/i> de Robi Engler (Lausanne: PM Favre, 1982) ou Cin\u00e9ma 57 14 (1957)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h6><a class=\"myredlink\" href=\"#TEXTE01\">[retour au texte]<\/a><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad54c43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"ad54c43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"NOTE02\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76a3a21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76a3a21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[2] \u00abAnimation is not the art of <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">DRAWINGS-that-move<\/span> but the art of\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">MOVEMENTS-that-are-drawn<\/span>. What happens between each frame is much more important than what exists <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">on<\/span> each frame. Animation is therefore the art of manipulating the invisible interstices that lie between frames\u00bb<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h6><a class=\"myredlink\" href=\"#TEXTE02\">[retour au texte]<\/a><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-782b460 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"782b460\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"NOTE03\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67e3398 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67e3398\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[3] Andr\u00e9 Martin, par exemple, traduit \u00ab ce qui se passe \u00bb entre chaque photogramme, par \u00ab ce qu&rsquo;il y a \u00bb, ce qui est loin de la pens\u00e9e de McLaren. Une traduction similaire existe dans Cin\u00e9ma 57 14 (1957.<\/span><\/p>\n<h6><a class=\"myredlink\" href=\"#TEXTE03\">[retour au texte]<\/a><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bca963e elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"bca963e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"NOTE04\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fd65cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0fd65cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[4] Des extraits de cette lettre ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 pour la premi\u00e8re fois en anglais dans la revue \u00ab <i>Animation journal, Spring 1995 <\/i>\u00bb et \u00e0 plusieurs occasions ensuite. La lettre dans son int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 est \u00e9galement publi\u00e9, dans mon livre <i>Esth\u00e9tique du cin\u00e9ma d\u2019animation<\/i>, Paris, Cerf-Corlet, 2012<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h6><a class=\"myredlink\" href=\"#TEXTE04\">[retour au texte]<\/a><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3257949 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3257949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"434\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-03-512x434.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2722\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-03-512x434.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-03-768x651.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-03.png 884w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a84806 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a84806\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Le mouvement image par image<\/em> de Norman McLaren &amp; Grant Munro (1976)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14d523c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"14d523c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LA LETTRE DE NORMAN MCLAREN<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a996e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a996e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Box 730<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hudson, Que.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Canada, JOP-1H0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4 AO\u00dbT 86<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cher Monsieur Sifianos,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Je n&rsquo;ai re\u00e7u qu&rsquo;hier votre lettre du 16 mars. Je tiens \u00e0 vous pr\u00e9senter mes plus sinc\u00e8res excuses pour ce grand retard dans ma r\u00e9ponse.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depuis que j&rsquo;ai pris ma retraite de l&rsquo;ONF il y a 2 \u00bd ans, plusieurs personnes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 charg\u00e9es de transmettre mon courrier \u00e0 Hudson, mais c&rsquo;est surtout mon ex-assistant, qui utilise mon ancien bureau \u00e0 l&rsquo;ONF, qui s&rsquo;en est charg\u00e9. Il est depuis plusieurs mois en Angleterre. Hier, j&rsquo;ai visit\u00e9 mon bureau pour prendre un dossier qui s&rsquo;y trouvait. Sous d&rsquo;autres papiers, j&rsquo;ai trouv\u00e9 votre lettre, qu&rsquo;il avait manifestement \u00e9t\u00e9 trop occup\u00e9 ou qu&rsquo;il avait oubli\u00e9 de me faire parvenir. J&rsquo;ai \u00e9t\u00e9 choqu\u00e9 et embarrass\u00e9 lorsque j&rsquo;ai remarqu\u00e9 que votre lettre portait la date du 16 mars.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ma r\u00e9ponse est, j&rsquo;en suis s\u00fbr, trop tardive pour \u00eatre utile \u00e0 votre th\u00e8se. Est-ce\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">le cas ? Si ce n&rsquo;est pas le cas, je vous r\u00e9pondrai de la mani\u00e8re la plus compl\u00e8te possible et d\u00e8s que je le pourrai, si vous me le demandez dans une nouvelle lettre.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-904eb12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"904eb12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"425\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-04-512x425.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2730\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-04-512x425.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-04-768x638.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-04.png 803w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9e9721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d9e9721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Le mouvement image par image<\/em> de Norman McLaren &amp; Grant Munro (1976)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fec8f14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fec8f14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Si oui, je dirai bri\u00e8vement que ma premi\u00e8re observation \u00e9tait m\u00e9taphorique ou rh\u00e9torique, et non pas litt\u00e9rale. La d\u00e9cision critique que l&rsquo;animateur doit prendre doit \u00eatre prise entre le premier dessin et le deuxi\u00e8me dessin &#8211; exactement <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">quelle \u00e9tendue de mouvement<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> il doit faire (soit dit en passant, j&rsquo;ai dit \u00ab DESSIN \u00bb pour un effet simple et rh\u00e9torique). Les objets statiques, les marionnettes et les \u00eatres humains peuvent tous \u00eatre anim\u00e9s sans <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dessin<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, mais j&rsquo;ai omis de les inclure.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5094b39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5094b39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"425\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-05-512x425.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2731\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-05-512x425.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-05-768x638.png 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-05.png 803w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c1b9c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c1b9c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Le mouvement image par image<\/em> de Norman McLaren &amp; Grant Munro (1976)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-657f757 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"657f757\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mais pour l&rsquo;animateur, qu&rsquo;il d\u00e9place une forme g\u00e9om\u00e9trique d\u00e9coup\u00e9e, un objet tridimensionnel ordinaire, une marionnette ou une figure humaine (comme un bonhomme b\u00e2ton ou un personnage enti\u00e8rement v\u00eatu et d\u00e9taill\u00e9 en termes d&rsquo;ombre et de lumi\u00e8re, ou encore une figure vivante), l&rsquo;aspect le plus important r\u00e9side dans l\u2019<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ampleur<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> de mouvement qu\u2019il donnera \u00e0 cette figure <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entre<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> chaque image photographi\u00e9e, et il doit en outre y penser \u00e0 l&rsquo;avance comme \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie continue de mouvements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il n&rsquo;y a que 5 cat\u00e9gories de base, comme l&rsquo;explique mon film <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LE MOUVEMENT IMAGE PAR IMAGE<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 &#8211; mouvement nul &#8211; stationnaire<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 &#8211; mouvement constant &#8211; (avec une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 compl\u00e8te de tempos)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de tr\u00e8s lent \u00e0 tr\u00e8s rapide<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3 &#8211; mouvement acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 &#8211; par paliers progressifs<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4 &#8211; mouvement de d\u00e9c\u00e9l\u00e9ration<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5 &#8211; mouvement erratique (rarement utilis\u00e9)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25b3154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"25b3154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-06-512x456.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2732\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-06-512x456.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-06.png 749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8bf156 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b8bf156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-07-512x456.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2733\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-07-512x456.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-07.png 749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1462f75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1462f75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-08-512x456.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2737\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-08-512x456.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-08.png 749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-768f1ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"768f1ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-09-512x456.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2738\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-09-512x456.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-09.png 749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0fc4f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0fc4f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Le mouvement image par image<\/em> de Norman McLaren &amp; Grant Munro (1976)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d0b2ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d0b2ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quelle que soit l&rsquo;expressivit\u00e9 (des \u00e9motions) de la figure dessin\u00e9e de d\u00e9part, si la gestion de la s\u00e9quence de mouvements ne transmet pas le mouvement (ou l&rsquo;\u00e9motion) voulu, l&rsquo;animation sera m\u00e9diocre ou peu satisfaisante.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Par exemple, un homme qui mart\u00e8le un clou ne peut pas \u00eatre anim\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re appropri\u00e9e si tous les mouvements sont constants, il a besoin d&rsquo;acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un taureau qui gambade ne peut pas \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 avec des mouvements constants.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CONSTANT\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 D\u00c9C\u00c9L\u00c9RATION\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 ACC\u00c9L\u00c9RATION<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8f6237 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e8f6237\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-10-512x456.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2744\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-10-512x456.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-10.png 749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c7a5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c7a5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Le mouvement image par image<\/em> de Norman McLaren &amp; Grant Munro (1976)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8abe622 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8abe622\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ces exemples vous para\u00eetront tr\u00e8s \u00e9vidents. Vous avez parfaitement et rigoureusement raison de dire : \u00ab <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ce qui est donc important, &#8230; c&rsquo;est le degr\u00e9 de la diff\u00e9renciation de la deuxi\u00e8me image par rapport \u00e0 la premi\u00e8re<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le bon animateur conna\u00eet le degr\u00e9 correct de diff\u00e9renciation par instinct, par observation, par exp\u00e9rience. Il le sent, s&rsquo;il anime du papier d\u00e9coup\u00e9 ou un objet, ou en dessinant.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0e5373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e0e5373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-13-512x456.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2747\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-13-512x456.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-13.png 749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f941d40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f941d40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Le mouvement image par image<\/em> de Norman McLaren &amp; Grant Munro (1976)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43683e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43683e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De m\u00eame que l&rsquo;artiste de la Renaissance et tous les peintres de la tradition r\u00e9aliste \u00e9tudiaient l&rsquo;<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anatomie<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> des personnes, des visages, des formes et des choses qui les entouraient, de m\u00eame le bon animateur \u00e9tudie l<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">&lsquo;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anatomie<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> des <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mouvements<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> qu&rsquo;il voit autour de lui (professionnellement, nous les appelons \u00ab intervalles \u00bb).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S&rsquo;il voit un homme en col\u00e8re debout devant une table et frappant la table de son poing, il voit l&rsquo;acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration du bras et du poing lorsqu&rsquo;ils descendent sur la table, et il verra que, plus l&rsquo;homme est en col\u00e8re, plus l&rsquo;acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration est forte (et rapide).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TABLE &gt;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 col\u00e8re<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plus en col\u00e8re<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">encore plus en col\u00e8re<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-528de8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"528de8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-11-512x456.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2745\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-11-512x456.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-11.png 749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d9c6fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1d9c6fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-12-512x456.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2746\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-12-512x456.png 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/LE-MOUVEMENT-IMAGE-PAR-IMAGE-12.png 749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8485fc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8485fc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Le mouvement image par image<\/em> de Norman McLaren &amp; Grant Munro (1976)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3d539d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3d539d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e199ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e199ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il semble que je me sois \u00e9loign\u00e9 de la r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 vos questions, je suis d\u00e9sol\u00e9. \/\/\/ Ce que je veux dire, c&rsquo;est que l&rsquo;animateur doit faire preuve de r\u00e9flexion ou de sensibilit\u00e9 <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entre<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> un mouvement et le mouvement suivant, ce qui signifie g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entre<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> un dessin et le suivant, ou s&rsquo;il filme des papier d\u00e9coup\u00e9 et des objets, il doit prendre la d\u00e9cision cruciale de savoir dans quelle mesure il doit bouger, entre la prise de vue d&rsquo;une image et la suivante. <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Et cette d\u00e9cision est au c\u0153ur de l&rsquo;animation<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">.<\/span> Dans un film termin\u00e9, aucune accumulation de d\u00e9cors et de personnages spectaculaires ou magnifiques, etc. ne remplacera une bonne animation. Dans mes trois observations, je minimise et semble ignorer l&rsquo;importance de la dimension graphique.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ces observations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faites il y a longtemps, lorsque l\u2019UPA et d&rsquo;autres animateurs commen\u00e7aient \u00e0 utiliser des animations \u00ab simplifi\u00e9es \u00bb, comme la double prise de vue de toutes les actions et l&rsquo;introduction de nombreuses positions, ce que je consid\u00e9rais comme d\u00e9testable pour l&rsquo;art de l&rsquo;animation.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f51b00e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f51b00e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/UPA-512x288.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2754\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/UPA-512x288.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/UPA-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/UPA-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/UPA.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e71e447 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e71e447\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">United Productions of America (UPA)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c023d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c023d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bien s\u00fbr, le graphisme de ce qui est anim\u00e9 joue ou peut jouer un r\u00f4le tr\u00e8s important. Avec un bonhomme b\u00e2ton ? On peut le rendre heureux ou triste UNIQUEMENT par sa trajectoire de mouvement et ses intervalles. Avec un homme au visage dessin\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on beaucoup plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9e, nous ferions normalement en sorte que l&rsquo;homme souriant et heureux se d\u00e9place avec vivacit\u00e9 et de fa\u00e7on joyeuse, et que l&rsquo;homme au visage triste se d\u00e9place de fa\u00e7on lente et triste, avec les \u00e9paules tombantes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avec un graphisme aussi \u00e9labor\u00e9, nous avons deux possibilit\u00e9s de mouvement : l&rsquo;homme au visage heureux se comporte de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que notre premier homme triste (en suivant la m\u00eame trajectoire et avec les m\u00eames caract\u00e9ristiques que l&rsquo;homme triste) et, inversement, l&rsquo;homme au visage triste peut se d\u00e9placer avec joie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le graphisme et l&rsquo;animation sont faits pour se contredire ! &#8211; plut\u00f4t que de se renforcer mutuellement.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89c0e85 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"89c0e85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-672b17a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"672b17a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6 AO\u00dbT<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u00e9sol\u00e9, mais les explications ci-dessus sont plut\u00f4t confuses, d\u00e9sordonn\u00e9es et peut-\u00eatre \u00e9videntes. Si je devais r\u00e9\u00e9crire les 3 observations aujourd&rsquo;hui, j&rsquo;\u00e9liminerais la premi\u00e8re et la deuxi\u00e8me et je dirais quelque chose comme ceci<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">POUR L&rsquo;ANIMATEUR, LA DIFF\u00c9RENCE ENTRE CHAQUE IMAGE SUCCESSIVE EST PLUS IMPORTANTE QUE L&rsquo;IMAGE ELLE-M\u00caME. C&rsquo;EST LE C\u0152UR ET L&rsquo;\u00c2ME DE L&rsquo;ANIMATION. LE GRAPHISME, BIEN QUE TR\u00c8S IMPORTANT AUSSI, EST D&rsquo;UNE IMPORTANCE SECONDAIRE. L&rsquo;ANIMATION EST DONC L&rsquo;ART DE MANIPULER LES DIFF\u00c9RENCES ENTRE LES IMAGES SUCCESSIVES, OU ENTRE LES PRISES<strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">*<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0: (et ne doit pas \u00eatre confondue avec l&rsquo;excellence du graphisme lui-m\u00eame).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 240px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salutations distingu\u00e9es<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 320px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Norman McLaren<\/span><\/p>\n<p><br \/><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">*<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> une d\u00e9cision prise par l&rsquo;animateur mentalement et arbitrairement, c&rsquo;est ce que j&rsquo;ai voulu dire de fa\u00e7on un peu obtuse par \u00ab les interstices invisibles qui se trouvent entre chaque image \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15429a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"15429a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/mclaren-cinema-canada-histoire-archives-67524-512x392.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2763\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/mclaren-cinema-canada-histoire-archives-67524-512x392.jpg 512w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/mclaren-cinema-canada-histoire-archives-67524.jpg 514w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3121829 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3121829\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Norman McLaren est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 le 26 janvier 1987.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b59cd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"1b59cd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-2777 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"1b59cd5\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"042\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjc2NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2JlYXRiaXQub3JnXC9yZXNlYXJjaFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNFwvMTBcLzA0Mi1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiMWI1OWNkNSJ9\" href='https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/042-scaled.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"399\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/042-399x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/042-399x512.jpg 399w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/042-798x1024.jpg 798w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/042-768x986.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/042-1196x1536.jpg 1196w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/042-1595x2048.jpg 1595w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/042-scaled.jpg 1994w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"1b59cd5\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"043\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjc2NSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2JlYXRiaXQub3JnXC9yZXNlYXJjaFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNFwvMTBcLzA0My1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiMWI1OWNkNSJ9\" href='https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/043-scaled.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"399\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/043-399x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/043-399x512.jpg 399w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/043-798x1024.jpg 798w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/043-768x986.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/043-1196x1536.jpg 1196w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/043-1595x2048.jpg 1595w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/043-scaled.jpg 1994w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"1b59cd5\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"044\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjc2NiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2JlYXRiaXQub3JnXC9yZXNlYXJjaFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNFwvMTBcLzA0NC1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiMWI1OWNkNSJ9\" href='https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/044-scaled.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/044-400x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/044-400x512.jpg 400w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/044-799x1024.jpg 799w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/044-768x984.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/044-1199x1536.jpg 1199w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/044-1598x2048.jpg 1598w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/044-scaled.jpg 1998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"1b59cd5\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"045\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjc2NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2JlYXRiaXQub3JnXC9yZXNlYXJjaFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNFwvMTBcLzA0NS1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiMWI1OWNkNSJ9\" href='https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/045-scaled.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"399\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/045-399x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/045-399x512.jpg 399w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/045-798x1024.jpg 798w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/045-768x986.jpg 768w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/045-1196x1536.jpg 1196w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/045-1595x2048.jpg 1595w, https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/045-scaled.jpg 1994w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-188ab63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"188ab63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cliquez pour agrandir.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LA D\u00c9FINITION DE L\u2019ANIMATION, UNE LETTRE DE NORMAN MCLAREN Georges Sifianos En 1986, alors que j&rsquo;\u00e9crivais ma th\u00e8se de doctorat sur le th\u00e8me \u00ab Langage et esth\u00e9tique du cin\u00e9ma d&rsquo;animation \u00bb, je passais beaucoup de temps \u00e0 essayer de comprendre en profondeur le sens du terme \u00ab animation \u00bb. Des d\u00e9finitions existaient, mais elles n\u2019\u00e9taient [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-theory-fr"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2777"}],"version-history":[{"count":47,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2777\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2879,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2777\/revisions\/2879"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beatbit.org\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}